Left-Wing Director Ken Loach, Writer Paul Laverty on the Poisonous Seed-Bed for Far Right Politics in Britain’s Rust-Belt Communities

In The Old Oak, which played in Competition in Cannes, Ken Loach portrays a village in the North-East of England where the indigenous white community comes into conflict with Syrian refugees a conflict fuelled by the despair, deprivation and decline of the rust-belt region. Such conditions can be a seed-bed for far right groups, the director tells Variety.

Such issues have not been explored sufficiently in film and television, Loach says, and he draws a parallel with the portrayal of the rise of Nazism in Germany in the mass media.

We have endless programs about the Second World War, about the horrors of Nazism and fascism, about the racism, about the Holocaust. Quite properly, we have endless programs about that, but what they refuse to point out is that that arose from alienation, anger, feeling cheated, and finding scapegoats. And thats how we ended up with Hitler, and thats the ground in which the far right flourishes. One of the points of the film is to say: This is the cause of fascism. This is where it comes from. This is its seed-bed, and it comes as an inevitable consequence of our economic system. Because if the neoliberal agenda was an essential development for capitalism, to use the old-fashioned word, then thats where fascism comes from. Implicit in that is that the far right will rise because thats how people will be heading. And they know that and yet the mass media, the press, just turn their backs on that. Theyll tell us all about the horrors of Hitler. Sure. But they wont tell us how he came to power. And thats the huge lesson. And we see it in essence now all the time.

The film portrays a pub, The Old Oak, its landlord, and patrons in a former mining village devastated following the closure of the local mine, and the failure of the national government to provide alternative employment. The area is now a dumping ground for former prisoners, problem families from other parts of the country, and refugees, who fight for the limited resources the local government can provide.

Dave Turner stars as T.J. Ballantyne in The Old Oak. Courtesy of Sixteen Oak Limited, Why Not Productions The economic malaise of the area has led to widespread poverty, and as hope recedes, depression and despair have taken hold, made worse by a feeling of isolation among the local people, in stark contrast with the communal spirit that flourished when the mines were open.

The grim state of such places is a consequence of the politics of the last 40-odd years, since Margaret Thatchers arrival, Loach says. He explains that following World War II, the socialist government set up the Welfare State, which provided a safety net for working-class people, ensuring minimum standards in areas like employment, education, health and welfare. The destruction of that began in 1979, when Margaret Thatcher came to power, and everything was to be returned to the private corporations. So, everything became a source of profit. And it also meant that the work had to change.

Under the Welfare State people had secure work, almost everyone had a job, they had financial security, they had a home; if they were sick, they would be cared for; they had an eight-hour day; they could balance work and life, he says.

Ebla Mari plays Yara in The Old Oak. Courtesy of Sixteen Oak Limited, Why Not Productions But after Thatcher, all that went, and it was a return to the basic 19th-century [economic model]: Workers are there to be exploited in the best way for big business because their politics is: If big business is successful, we get their taxes, and thats where we get our public services from. It hasnt worked like that. And we knew it never would. So now you have these areas, like the North-East, based on steel, gone, based on shipbuilding, gone, based on coal mining, gone, and the mining villages crystallise this destruction. So, rows of shops with the shutters down, no satisfactory work, the gig economy. Youre hired and youre fired. Paid by the day. Poverty wages. Kids with no future to look forward to, getting into drugs, and God knows what.

This sorry state is the result of a deliberate policy on the part of successive governments to destroy working-class solidarity, in the eyes of the director and his long-time screenwriting partner Paul Laverty. What has struck us since we began working together over 30 years ago is this is conscious; this isnt a mistake. This isnt people stumbling along and not getting things right, Loach says. This is a conscious decision to destroy those communities because they were the politically active, the politically conscious elements in society. Destroy them and wait for the market to bring work in. Well, the market never did. And then refugees; yeah, weve got to take some but put them where nobody sees, just leave them there. Of course, against that, youve got the old tradition of the mining industry and the mining trade unions, which is solidarity. So, some of the people there, recognize the human connection, and do what they can to welcome [the refugees] with resources that came solely from the local council. Its not the government, it is local councils.

But youve got some places where the far right has made inroads with their propaganda. So, there is resistance to these refugees, because youve heard it before: Theyre taking whatever job weve got. Theyre taking our services. You go to the doctors, theyre ahead of us in the queue, and no one can understand what they say. Theyre in the schools. No one knows what the kids are saying. The teachers arent teaching our kids, they are teaching the refugees. And so, of course, resistance builds up, and it chimes with the press that says: Weve allowed too many people to come into this country. It chimes with the government, who are saying that, and just this week, just yesterday, the Home Secretary, one of the most senior government ministers, is saying we cant take these refugees. So, theyre blaming the most vulnerable people. So, bringing all this together is what we tried to do.

One of the most striking scenes in the film is where the dog owned by the pub landlord, T.J. Ballantyne, is killed by two feral dogs belonging to local youths. It echoes the sense that theres been an almost deliberate attempt to set people against each other, by the government or by other elements in society, such as the press.

Laverty references the recent media furore faced by sports pundit Gary Lineker when he suggested the rhetoric of government ministers regarding immigration was similar to that used in 1930s Germany.

All you have to do is listen to recent rhetoric. Its a clear case of scapegoating. I mean, the whole Gary Lineker thing put its finger on it. That was almost like a litmus paper test, wasnt it? That whole debate arose out of scapegoating. And whats remarkable really is there are many people on the move. But Britain compared to Europe, its laughable. Lebanon: a third of its population are refugees. Germany took over a million Syrians, a million. Great Britain took 20,000 Syrians over five years. Its a joke. But they still managed to turn this into the great issue of the day, and I think its because it divides people. It makes people frightened, and it makes people feel scared. And thats a political choice to scapegoat.

He mentions a character in the film, Charlie, a friend of T.J.s who has fallen on hard times and blames the refugees and other marginalized groups for his plight. I think the Charlie figure was very interesting. In a way, you could have done a more dramatic or melodramatic film by having the far right come in and organize, and put up posters, and beat people up and frighten people, and invade The Old Oak. But it struck us that a far more interesting journey was Charlies journey. How do decent people become like that? How did they lose their self-confidence? How did they lose their generosity? How did they lose that capacity to be empathetic? And thats a very interesting journey. And its the story of rotting. The things that make the world civilized are torn away piece by piece, very imperceptibly, and I think thats whats happening with many people. Ive talked to many old miners, and I was astounded at some of their views. But they feel that their life has been destroyed, and so they punch down, instead of looking up and seeing the big picture, and saying, Whos planning all this?'